Domain Controller and Directory Services¶

Configuring a Domain Server with Zentyal¶

LDAP configuration options¶

This section describes the functionality and information available in the Zentyal LDAP directory using any of the domain operation modes. The next sections will describe how to configure and make use of the features of these modes.

From the Domain menu, you can check the operation mode of your LDAP server before enabling the module. If you have already enabled the Domain Controller and File Sharing module, your server will operate as a Stand-alone server by default.

Once you have enabled the module, you can go to Users and Computers –> LDAP settings. Here, in the upper block, you can see the LDAP information.

LDAP configuration in Zentyal

Base DN:

Base name of the domain name in this server. It matches the local domain. Your local domain is configured from System ‣ General ‣ Domain. It will appear as blocked (you can not delete it) in your DNS module.

Default Users DN:

Name of the default User container.

Default Groups DN:

Name of the default Groups container.

Below, you can configure certain PAM Settings:

PAM configuration in Zentyal

By enabling PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) [10], you allow the users configured in the directory to be valid users in the local server as well. This way you can, for example, create a user in the directory capable of accessing the Zentyal server via SSH using their LDAP credentials.

[10]	PAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module

Managing Users, Groups and Computers¶

By going to Users and Computers ‣ Manage, you can see the LDAP tree. From this interface, you can also create and delete nodes, manage the node attributes and adjust the user permissions for other LDAP-connected services.

LDAP tree

On the left side you can see the tree, with your “local” domain name as the root. There are several default Organizational Units that have been created already:

• Computers: Hosts joined to the domain, both servers and desktops. This section is useful for inventory reasons and also to apply host-based rules.
• Groups: Generic container node for the groups in your organization.
• Users: Generic container node for the users in your organization.
• Domain Controllers: Servers that replicate the directory information. They can also take different FSMO roles of a Samba4/Microsoft Active Directory® domain.

An Organizational Unit (OU) is a container for other objects, like groups, users or even other nested OUs. It’s a concept closely related to the tree data structure and the different policies associated with each node. If you are not using Samba4/Microsoft Active Directory® capabilities, you probably don’t need to create new Organizational Units in your domain.

You can delete any node using the Trash icon. Also, you can create a new one by clicking on a container and then on the green Plus icon.

Adding a new user

It’s important to note that each time you create a user in the LDAP tree, a corresponding directory in /home/<username> is created in the file system of the server. If the directory already exists, you may have problems while creating the user. If this is the case, move or remove the pre-existing directory before creating the new user.

The Contacts are personal information objects, not related with the authorization mechanism. In other words, contacts will not be able to login in to the domain services.

On the right side you can see and modify the LDAP attributes of the currently selected node, for example, the last name of an user. If you are using a Commercial Zentyal Edition, you can also upload a user profile picture from here.

Clicking on a user, you can also modify user’s membership to the different groups and configure the user plugins. At the bottom of the right section, you will see the Modules Configuration section. This section has a variable number of subsections, depending on the installed and enabled Zentyal modules. Using this interface, you can modify the different parameters of the chosen module for the selected user. The default configuration of the user plugins depends on the User Template, explained in the next section.

User plugin of the mail module

By selecting a group, you can also modify the users belonging to the group, create mail distribution lists and change the type of the group. The groups of type Security Group (by default), contain the users that will be able to login on the other domain services. The Distribution Group contains users that will be used for other purposes like mailing lists. A user can belong to several groups.

Editing a group

User Template¶

By going to Users and Computers –> User Template, you can modify the default service settings for the new users. For example, the default domain for their mail accounts. It’s important to note that any modifications in the template will only be applied to the users created after the change has been made. The number of sections varies depending on the user-related Zentyal modules enabled on your system.

User template

Configuring Zentyal as a Standalone Domain server¶

Before enabling the Domain Controller and File Sharing module, you need to check certain server configurations. The reason is that during the activation of the module, the new domain is provisioned. This means that the default settings for LDAP, DNS and Kerberos are generated and the LDAP objects, Kerberos security principals, DNS zones and so on, are created. This operation can be reverted, but it’s certainly more difficult than enabling and disabling other modules.

Therefore, before enabling the “Domain Controller and File Sharing” module for the first time make sure that:

• You have configured the operation mode. The default value is Domain Controller, but you can also configure your server to be an additional controller joined to another node. In the latter case, configure the server role and credentials before enabling the module and follow the instructions for this case in the following sections. If the server is going to operate as the first Domain Controller, it is not necessary to modify the default settings.

Configuring Zentyal as the Standalone Domain Controller

• Your local domain and host name parameters are correct. You can check this from System ‣ General, Hostname and Domain section. If you want to change this data, save changes and reboot the machine before enabling the module.

Checking the host name and domain

• In the DNS module configuration, you have a “local” domain that matches the one you have configured in System ‣ General. This domain has to contain the server Hostname as an A register, in the Hostnames section. This hostname has to have, at least, one local IP address. You have to add all the internal IP addresses where you want to provide domain services to this Hostname.

IP addresses of the zentyal-domain.lan domain

• The NTP module is installed and enabled and your clients are receiving the NTP information, preferably via DHCP.

Once you have enabled the Domain Controller and File Sharing, you can offer File Sharing functionality, join Windows® clients to the domain, configure and link GPOs (Group Policy Objects) and accept connections from new additional domain controllers, from both Windows Server® and Zentyal.

Probably one of the first operations you need to perform in your domain is to create a user in the directory and join it to the Domain Admins group. By doing this, the user will have all the effective permissions over the domain.

Adding a user to the Domain Admins group

Joining a Windows® client to the domain¶

The process of joining a Windows® client to a domain managed by Zentyal is identical to the process of joining a Windows client to a domain managed by Windows Server®.

First of all, you need to use the Domain Admin user account with administrator privileges created earlier.

Then log in to the Windows client and confirm the following:

• Zentyal server and the Windows client can reach each other through a local network
• Windows client has Zentyal configured as its DNS server
• Both the client and the server have the time perfectly synchronized using NTP

Once you have verified these preconditions, you can join to the domain in the usual way.

Joining to a domain with Windows

Use the Domain Admin-user credentials that you created earlier.

Domain Admin credentials

After the process is complete, your Windows host will appear in the LDAP tree, under the Computers OU. The user will be applied the configured GPOs and the user will obtain Kerberos tickets automatically upon login (see the Kerberos section below).

Windows host in the LDAP tree

Now you can start a session on your Windows client with the users created in the LDAP of Zentyal.

Roaming profiles and folder redirection¶

Zentyal offers the possibility to enable the roaming profiles for the Microsoft Windows clients.

Checkbox to enable roaming profiles

When the roaming profiles are enabled, the data and configurations of the users are stored in the server in addition to the local profile. When the user authenticates on any of the domain client machines, the profile stored on the server is loaded locally and when the user logs out, the remote profile is synchronized with the local profile.

The need to synchronize the local and the remote profiles when logging in and logging out increases significantly the time required to perform both operations. This problem can be mitigated with the “folder redirection” that allows the client to mount the remote resource locally.

The folder redirection configuration process is described in detail in the Samba documentation, in the Using a Group Policy Preference [11] section.

Kerberos Authentication System¶

Kerberos is an automatic authentication service that integrates with Samba4/Microsoft Active Directory® and all the compatible services across your domain.

The client needs to provide his credentials only once to obtain the “main” ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket.

This operation is done automatically with Windows clients joined to the domain. Login credentials are sent to the Domain Controller (any of them) and the user is verfied. If the LDAP user is correct, the controller automatically provides the TGT along with other necessary tickets to allow file sharing to the client.

You can check the list of active tickets on the client using the ‘klist’ command.

Kerberos tickets after domain login

In Debian/Ubuntu systems it is also possible to obtain the Kerberos TGT ticket by installing the heimdal-clients package.

Obtaining Kerberos TGT in Ubuntu

Once the client has obtained the Kerberos TGT ticket, all the other Kerberos-compatible services in your domain will accept tickets provided by the client. These are obtained automatically, when the user requests access to a service.

This authentication mechanism has two main advantages:

• Security: Credentials travel securely over the local network, the system is resistant to sniffing and replay attacks.
• Convenience: Users need to introduce credentials only once. The other authentication tickets are obtained transparently.

Zentyal Services currently compatible with Kerberos authorization:

• File Sharing (SMB/CIFS)
• Electronic mail
• HTTP Proxy

Changing the user password¶

Zentyal administrator can change the password of any user from the web interface. In most cases, however, it is more convenient that the user has the means to change his/her password without having to notify the administrator. This can be done in a few different ways:

• If the user has a Windows client joined to the Samba domain, the user can directly change the password after having logged in as a domain user by clicking CTRL + ALT + DEL. This change will be reflected on the server.

• From the SOGo webadmin.

• On a Linux client, the user must install the heimdal-clients package and then run:

  $ kinit <user>@DOMAIN
  $ kpasswd
  

For example:

$ kinit user1@ZENTYAL-DOMAIN.LAN
user1@ZENTYAL-DOMAIN.LAN's Password:
$ kpasswd
user1@ZENTYAL-DOMAIN.LAN's Password:
New password:
Verify password - New password:
Success : Password changed

Group Policy Objects (GPO)¶

The Group Policy Objects (GPOs) are policies associated to containers of the Domain.

By using GPOs you can autoconfigure and enforce policies for the client computers. You can establish global policies for the whole domain or specific policies for Organizational Units or Sites (physical locations).

Typical uses of the GPOs include:

• Installation and upgrade of software packages without user intervention.
• Configuration of a HTTP Proxy in the browsers and installation of the Certification Authority of the domain.
• Deployment of scripts that will be executed in the client at login and/or logout.
• Limiting part of the Windows client configuration to the user.

You can create GPOs with any Windows client joined to the domain. To accomplish this, you need to install the Microsoft RSAT tools, log in with the Domain Admin user account and then design the desired GPO with the RSAT.

Managing the GPOs with RSAT in a Windows client

By using this tool, the GPOs will be automatically added to the domain SYSVOL and enforced by the Zentyal server on all the clients.

Joining Zentyal Server to an existing domain¶

Thanks to the integration of Samba4 technologies, Zentyal is able to become an Additional Controller of an existing domain. This can be either by joining to a Windows Server or any other Samba4-based controller like, for example, another Zentyal server.

After joining to the domain, the LDAP information, the DNS domain associated with Samba (local domain) and Kerberos information will be transparently replicated.

There are some points to verify before joining to another controller:

• Zentyal’s local LDAP data will be destroyed since it will be overwritten with the directory information of the domain
• All the controllers have to be perfectly time synced, preferably by using NTP
• When the users are synchronized from the other domain, Zentyal will create their associated /home/<username> directories. Check that these will not collide with pre-existing home directories
• All the controllers have to belong to the same domain
• Correct DNS configuration is critical. Other domain controllers will try to push the information to the IP provided by your DNS system

If you have external IPs associated to your hostname, (i.e. zentyal.zentyal-domain.lan), you may face synchronization issues if any of the other controllers tries to use that IP to push data. Even if you have several internal IPs, you may face the same problem because the DNS system performs ‘round-robin’ by default when answering DNS queries. If this is your case, you may want to uncomment sortlist = yes on the /etc/zentyal/dns.conf file and restart the DNS server. This way, the DNS system will order the IPs of the response, putting first the one that matches the network mask of the machine making the request.

Once you have checked all the points, you can join to the domain from the Domain menu.

Zentyal joining to the domain as an additional controller of a Windows Server

Saving the changes will take longer than usual because Samba4 will be provisioned and all the domain information replicated.

Zentyal LDAP tree synchronized with the Windows Server

When you explore the LDAP tree from the Windows Server, you will also see the new domain controller.

Windows® LDAP tree showing the new controller

From now on the LDAP information, the DNS domain associated to Samba (the local domain) and Kerberos will be synchronized both ways. It is possible to manage the LDAP information (users, groups, OUs...) in any of the controllers. The changes made in any of the controllers will be replicated automatically to the other controllers.

The process of joining to another Zentyal server is exactly the same.

Total Migration¶

All the domain controllers have replicated the domain information mentioned previously. However, there are some specific roles that belong to a specific server host. These are called FSMO roles or Operations Masters.

The Operation Masters are critical to the domain operation. There are five FSMO roles:

• Schema master: In charge of the definition of the LDAP tree, pushes updates of the LDAP format
• Domain naming master: Creates and deletes the domains in the forest
• Infrastructure master: Provides domain-unique GUID, SID and DN identifiers
• Relative ID Master: Relative IDs assigned to the Security Principals
• PDC Emulator: Compatibility with Windows® 2000/2003 hosts, root time server

Using the Total Migration script, you can transfer all these roles to a Zentyal server joined to the domain.

From the /usr/share/zentyal-samba directory you execute:

administrator@zentyal:/usr/share/zentyal-samba$ sudo ./ad-migrate
WARNING: This script will transfer all FSMO roles from the current owners to
         the local server.
         After all roles has been successfully transferred, you can shutdown
         the other domain controllers.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y

Checking server mode...

Checking if server is provisioned...

Synchronizing sysvol share...
syncing[SYSVOL] files and directories including ACLs, without DOS Attributes

Transferring FSMO roles...
Transferring Schema Master role from owner: CN=NTDS Settings,...
Transferring Domain Naming Master role from owner: CN=NTDS Settings,...
Transferring PDC Emulation Master role from owner: CN=NTDS Settings,...
Transferring RID Allocation Master role from owner: CN=NTDS Settings,...
Transferring Infrastructure Master role from owner: CN=NTDS Settings,...

Migrated successfully!

From now on Zentyal is the only critical controller in the domain and all the features should continue working even if you turn off the others controllers, save scalability and network considerations.

Importing and exporting users and groups¶

To help you to import and export users and groups, Zentyal provides the following scripts that allow you to carry out these tasks. If you have Commercial Zentyal Edition, you can do this directly from the GUI (Users and Computers –> Import/Export). Otherwise, you will have to execute manually the scripts located in /usr/share/zentyal-samba/.

User import and export options in Commercial Editions

name;CN;Description;email;typeOfGroup;idGroup

## For groups type: Security group

devsecops;OU=sysadmins,DC=lab61,DC=lan;Dev Sec Ops;devsecops@lab61.lan;1;;3112;

## For groups type: Distribution group

news;CN=Groups,DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan;News;news@zentyal-domain.lan;0;;;

## In a single line
username;CN;firstName;;lastName;displayName;Description;email;password;;IDnumber;
CN-GroupBelong:CN-GroupBelong

## In a single line

## For a simple user

alba;CN=Users,DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan;Alba;;Hernandez;Alba Hernandez;;"";
password;;65540;CN=news,CN=Groups,DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan:CN=rrhh,CN=Users,
DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan;

## For an user with all the fiels filled

maria;OU=sysadmins,DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan;Maria maria;;Jimenez;Maria Jimenez;
Developer;"maria@zentyal-domain.lan";password;;65537;CN=devsecops,OU=sysadmins,
DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan:CN=news,CN=Groups,DC=zentyal-domain,DC=lan;

User import and export limitations¶

• The account passwords can not be exported. The .csv file uses the string password as the default password.
• Organizational Units are not exported. Therefore, before importing a .csv file that contains any OU, you must create the OU previously.
• Non-ASCII characters such as accents will not be exported correctly. Therefore, you should edit these entries in the .csv file before importing.
• The .csv files generated by the export scripts contain the domain as CN. Therefore, the data import will fail if the new server does not have the same domain name configured. However, you can modify this value in the .csv files.
• In case you want to import users or groups that contain the configured email, you need to disable the Mail option of the user template (Users and Computers –> User Template).

User template

• If you have multiple virtual mail domains, you need to split the users and groups in different .csv files. Then, you need to set the virtual mail domain which contains the .csv file from the menu Users and Computers ‣ User Template. Otherwise, all the users and groups will be created with the same virtual mail domain.

Know Limitations¶

It’s important to check the list of current known Samba4 limitations before planning your domain:

• Only one domain, in a single forest. Samba doesn’t support multiple domains or multiple forests
• Functional Domain level of the forest and the domain has to be min. 2003 R2, current max. 2008 R2
• Your hostname can not match your NETBIOS name. The NETBIOS name is generated using the left part of the domain. For example, if your hostname is ‘zentyal’, your domain can not be ‘zentyal.lan’, but it could be ‘zentyal-domain.lan’
• Trust relationships between domains and forests are not supported
• GPOs can not be synced automatically, but can be configured manually following the official Samba documentation [13]
• Users with non-ASCII names are not supported (accent marks, hyphen, special characters)

Known issues¶

To enable the access to the shares for some Windows systems and devices, such as network printers, you will have to add the following configuration parameter to your Samba configuration:

ntlm auth = yes

Samba indiscriminatelly allows zone transfer when the domain controller is enabled. Although several related bugs have been fixed in both Samba and Bind9, this undesirable behaviour still happens in the Samba4 + Bind9 implementation used by Zentyal.

This behaviour can be mitigated by introducing a specific iptables rule.

To confirm the vulnerability:

dig AXFR lab6.lan @10.5.20.77 +short

To mitigate this behaviour, proceed to capture the network traffic on the interface where you wish to block the queries by using Wireshark or Tcpdump:

0000   00 04 00 01 00 06 f0 1f af 29 9f 72 00 00 08 00   ......ð.¯).r....
0010   45 00 00 67 0a 0e 40 00 40 06 f3 e4 0a 05 14 3e   E..g..@.@.óä...>
0020   0a 05 14 57 e3 8d 00 35 3d 17 7a c0 da 44 06 65   ...Wã..5=.zÀÚD.e
0030   80 18 00 e5 3c f8 00 00 01 01 08 0a d4 90 96 04   ...å<ø......Ô...
0040   a4 b8 c6 be 00 31 78 9f 00 20 00 01 00 00 00 00   ¤¸Æ¾.1x.. ......
0050   00 01 04 6c 61 62 36 03 6c 61 6e 00 00 fc 00 01   ...lab6.lan..ü..
0060   00 00 29 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 0c 00 0a 00 08 28   ..)............(
0070   2a ec 65 b7 a5 2d 1f

Take the hexadecimal digits that correspond the zone name (lab6.lan in this case) and the digits ‘00 fc 00 01’ that identify the AXFR query and add a firewall rule. See an example below:

iptables -t filter -I INPUT 1 -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 53 -m string \
   --algo kmp --hex-string '|6c 61 62 36 03 6c 61 6e 00 00 fc 00 01|' -j DROP